The Willamette Valley has some of the greatest hop fields in the world. This is a typical view of a hop field in a good yielding year shortly before picking time.
'Hoosie' means 'hair' and 'mox mox' means 'yellow' and the old chief is, indeed, yellow haired. He belongs to the Palouse Indians of Washington, but moved over here and became so popular with the Indians among whom he lived that he was adopted and alloted on their reservation where he lived until he was drowned in crossing the Umatilla River in 1905. He plated a very important part in the Nez Perce War in 1877.
The Dalles probably derived its name from its location by 'contracted running waters hemmed in by walls of rock'. Such a place was called 'dalles' in French. The first building in Eastern Oregon was the Methodist mission erected at the Dalles in 1838. The mission home became a favorite place for voyagers, up and down the Columbia who were compelled to portage at this place. As time passed the Dalles became the chief settlement east of the Cascades. Here in the spring of 1848 the log Fort Dalles was built and occupied by Major Tucker and his command, the 'Rifle Regiment' of U.S. Troops, who had arrived the previous autumn. Here, too, was established the first court house which was for years the only 'hall of justice' between the Cascades and the Rockies. By 1858, as indicated in the picture, the Dalles had become a permanent little city.
This picture shows the crowd at Huntington. United States Senator James H. Slater, who was a passenger on the first through train to make the trip from Portland, was the Principal speaker at the celebration.
Oregon has over 2,500 miles of railroads. This bridge over the Crooked River is 320 feet high and has a total length of 460 feet. For its the it is considered one of the finest examples as to correct detail, and for an arch bridge is unusually rigid. It will take the weight of the world’s heaviest locomotives double-headed. There are 970 tons of steel in the arch, including the approaches, and the erecting devices weigh 80 tons. The cost o reproduce would exceed $200,000.00. To paint the bridge with one coat requires 380 gallons of paint.
This ocean steamship is carrying a cargo of 6,012,000 board feet of lumber — probably the largest single shipment of lumber ever carried by any vessel. The ship is shown here leaving Portland harbor.
"The Wastdale river flows through a beautiful valley into West Water, a lake three miles long by a half mile in width. This is the western part of the lake district, approaching the Irish Sea Coast. The elevation of this lake is only 200 feet above sea level. The village is situated near the foot of the valley."
"Coniston Lake lies directly west of Lake Windermere, and seems to be a miniature of the latter. The slopes of the mountain, known as the 'Coniston Old Man' are covered with copper mines and slate quarries. The picture shown is of one of these mines."
In connection with all our cantonments there are field hospitals arranged and managed as they would be on the battle front. As the training camp does not provide enough real emergency cases for training the hospital attendants, ambulance drivers and stretcher bearers, able bodied men submit to being carried on stretchers to the hospital tents where their imaginary wounds are treated with neatness and dispatch. The training and work of our army surgeons and hospitals corps wearing their insignia, the red cross, is worthy of a whole lecture. This single view will have to suffice at this time. It should be remarked, however, that our men whether in the training camps or on the other side, are receiving the best possible medical attention without distinction as to rank or previous position in the civil life. “The health conditions,” at these amps, to quote from ex-president Taft who made a tour of nearly all the cantonments, “Are so much better than they ever have been in the past, that while we should not abate our efforts to reduce disease, we certainly can felicitate ourselves and the War Department on the comparatively small percentage of deaths and illness.”
A decidedly realistic turn is given the novices when with their gas masks they practice carrying supposedly overcome companions on stretchers from the trenches. In this view the details of the masks can be seen. The rubber contrivance fits closely over the head with great staring goggle-eyes which gives the wearer a sepulchral appearance. A large tube brings the air from which the gas has been eliminated or neutralized to the nostrils of the encased man. When the danger from gas is passed the mask is removed, folded just so, and put in the flat carrying case worn on his chest where it will be ready for immediate use. All branches of the service are provided with masks, for German gas shells are often thrown far behind the lines even to the sections were the artillery is located. In France, even the peasants who work the fields near the front are being supplied with masks so that they can continue their agricultural work not only amid shot and shell as they often do, but in the enveloping poisonous gas.
Before the signal to fire is given we will go over to the enemy’s side, out of range, however, and see what happens. There are seventeen cannons drawn up opposite us and at the signal all of them belch forth. In America it sounds big — like the real thing. Were it on the other side during a big battle it would pass almost unnoticed. The impossibility of reproducing actual war conditions on this side makes it necessary to gradually accustom our men to such conditions near the battle lines. No matter how brave a man may be, he cannot be changed from a civilian to a hardened soldier in a day. The spirit may be willing but the flesh is weak. We must bear this in mind in all our plans as to the size of the army we ought to put in training at once.
Next to the infantry, the field artillery is the most extensive and important branch of the army. A brigade consists of brigade headquarters, two regiments of light and one of heavy artillery, a trench mortar battery with 72 guns, 12 trench mortars, and the necessary transportation supplies, etc. The total strength is 185 officers and 4781 men. A brigade makes a very formidable array. We do not see all of the units in this view, but we have light field artillery units from several brigades as they passed in review at Camp Hancock, near Augusta, Ga.
As the gases used are all heavier than air they settle in the trenches and shell holes where they would remain for a long time rendering them uninhabitable except with the protecting masks. To clear the trenches of this gas, squads of “flappers” go through with great fans stirring up the gas and driving it out.
Going to another camp we see the head of an artillery column with the limbers and casinos drawn by from four to six horses, as they start out early in the morning for the day’s drill. The general view of the camp in the background gives an impression of the size of these cantonments.
Somewhere at a distance from the camp the field pieces are drawn up in position, the horses removed and the guns made ready for action. The shells are taken from the caisson, passed to the gunners, thrust into the breech of the gun and everything is ready to fire at the given signal.
This picture shows two full grown Chinese Pheasants. They become tame very easily—if for a short time they are protected, they very soon come to be familiar about the farm house and the barnyard. They will even come into the barnyard and feed along with the chicks. It is quite true in some cases that they do considerable harm, by pulling up the seedlings in the garden, and by following the corn row. It must be said for them that they also do considerable good. It has been founding examining the stomachs of these birds, shot because they had been doing harm, that instead of having their stomachs full of corn as might have been supposed, they have their stomachs full of cut worms, beetles, ants, and clover seeds. In only one case was it found that they had been pulling up garden plants. In some parts of the United States where the farmers have been bothered by the game birds destroying their crops, they have been able to divert the attention of the birds by planting around their fields things which they much prefer to the crop seeds. This is more particularly so in the southeastern parts of the country. Here, the farmers have been able to raise large flocks of quail and other birds by just such means as this. They have been able to derive some revenue from the wildlife that is near their place. The sportsman comes down and wants a day’s sport. He naturally goes to the farm where the largest number of birds are. The farmer, by planting around the fence corners and along the fence rails food for the birds has encouraged them to live about the farm. No one has yet been able to calculate the exact amount of revenue which the stated has derived from the China Pheasant, but one year when calculating the amount of money spent by this state on the sports of shooting all kinds of birds, it was found that an expenditure of over one million dollars had been made. How much of this goes to the China Pheasants cannot be said. What can be done in raising China Pheasants can be done in raising a number of other kinds of birds. So while these are beautiful creatures and we enjoy seeing them about the fields, they are also affording us a great source of revenue; more than we sometimes think. A long time ago we used to hear a good deal about private hunting grounds and about private hunting lands. Private owner used to be much disgusted if a man trespassed upon his property. While this was more or less a selfish way to look at things, at the same time what really took place was this: This private owner protected these birds so that they bred very freely, became numerous, and spread out all over the country. Thus, England and other parts of the world have had very few animals had it not been for these private owners. Now, as to the bearing this has on our fish and game work: The state has recognized this very idea, and Oregon was one of the first states to establish these game refuges. In various parts of our state we have land set aside which it is unlawful to hunt at any time. Here, birds and animals grow without fear of molestation. In consequence they not only increase in numbers, but these refuges make centers of distribution, and out from these centers the animals move into other parts of the state. In some localities we have natural refuges, places that are more or less secluded, and here the animals grow unmolested. But, in other parts of the state, those that are becoming rapidly settled, there is no place for the wildlife. It is possible now for any farmer to make of his place a game refuge, provided it has facilities for the protection of the birds. In this way we may gain an intimate knowledge of the bird and animal life abuts by seeing them in their natural haunts. Birds come to know that this is a refuge and so are not afraid while they are here.
The next picture shows a western gull, one of the most graceful birds we have. While this is not a game bird, it is one of the loveliest and one that we all admire. It is a scavenger as well. If any of you have ever been to the coast in the springtime when the beach is covered with dead fish, you know that the gulls are doing a very good piece of work when they start to clean up the beaches. These birds are protected at all times on account of their scavenging ability and on account of their beauty. Our nation has taken this matter in hand, and we have now national migratory bird laws, which protect birds of all kinds. A law based on scientific information was one of the very first attempts to bring about the real law to protect the bird in exactly the right way. Following the example of the states in the formation of game refuges, we find now that the national government has taken up the matter and one of the first acts was to form all the national parks into national game refuges. In recent years a large number of tracts of land in the southern part of the United States have been set aside for this purpose because at these places the birds spend the winter. The United States has taken a particular interest in protection of birds during the winter season, for if they are all killed then there will be none to breed during the following summer. We all have a right to be proud of what our nation and state has done for the preservation of our wildlife. But it must be said that the chief stimulant for this work was the preservation of our game birds. The game birds form only a very small portion of the wildlife in this state. There are many other kinds that are just as important to us as are these. It is right that we should have a certain amount of hunting. It is a pleasure that a great many enjoy. But we should also properly understand their relation to our everyday life. In the field of agriculture they play a very important part. Some are destructive and do a great deal of harm, while others are beneficial in their habits. Were it not for birds, the lot of the farmer would be a hard one.
Besides the Chinese Pheasant, we have in this state a number of others. The Golden Pheasant you see here is a very beautiful bird, but not a very hardy one, and is one that is not very easily raised. Then we have the Reeves Pheasant, which has been planted in various parts of the state; the Silver Pheasant, and the Amherst Pheasant. The Silver Pheasant has done fairly well in several places. Near Eugene we have several of these birds living in the open. As the usual thing, however, these are not to be used as game birds. They are more for fancy purposes. One of the natural refuges in our state is in the southern part, along the shores of the Klamath lakes. Here the birds breed by thousands. In former years the “pot” hunters would go there and bag great numbers, then sell them in the market for a mere pittance. But now this part of the lakes has been declared a national game reserve, through the activity of our state officials together with the department at Washington. And here every year thousands of ducks, thousands of geese, and thousands of pelicans, as well as many other kinds of water birds breed unmolested.
While these are naturally very wild, when they are brought up as here, in constant contact with people, they become fairly tame. They soon eat our of a person’s hand, just as young chicks would do. However, they become wild very quickly. It takes only a few scares to make them as wild as they would be if reared in the open, for rearing them where they have such perfect protection does not alter the instinct with which the young bird is born. The always have a tendency toward this wild life.
We then cross the Plain of Rephaim where David put to flight the army of Philistines, and if our trust in the guide were sufficient we might pause to see what is said to be the old site of the tree that made the cross on which the Son of God was crucified. Under the altar of a chapel there the monks show where the stump of the tree once stood, and the Pilgrim falls down and worships it.
Pilgrims are legion, particularly the Russians, a party of whom we see now at a Syrian inn: but there are many others, and they come from all the corners of the earth often in hunger and thirst through the heat, begging food by the way, and sleeping under the stars at night. Their faith is mighty, their zeal a burning flame and their satisfaction intense. Only a soul entirely free from the trammels of the world, can know and kiss the marble slab which covers a hole, from which a tree is said to have been taken two thousand years ago!
At every turn in Palestine there is something to remind us that the Bible was written there. Entering this market square we halt in the presence of a transaction going on which reminds us of an illustration used in one of Jesus' talks. Grains of various kinds are lying in piles on the bare ground, which has been previously swept clean. The purchaser, not the seller does the measuring. It takes several minutes to fill the measure. Putting in a few handfuls the purchaser presses it down. After it is full to the brim he begins to build a cone, adding a handful at a time and patting it gently. Then as it approaches an apex he makes a hole in the top and fills that. Last of all he holds up a handful and allows the grains to drop very gently and as long as the grains remain upon it he is at liberty to add to the measure. Doubtless Jesus often witnessed the same process as he passed through the markets. It was such an incident as this which suggested his words, "Give and it shall be given unto you; good measure pressed down, and shaken together and running over shall men give unto your bosom. For with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured unto you again."
When they came nigh to Bethlehem, the beloved wife for whom he had served fourteen years, died in the pangs of motherhood, and was buried upon a green slope of the roadside. This is the way one of our great artists has pictured the deathbed. There is something remarkable, something inexplicable, that a man of Jacob's wealth should have buried his beloved in such an exposed and public place, and entirely among strangers, when Machpelah the Sepulchre, of his ancestors, was at Hebron, only a few miles away. Long after this, when he was about to die in Egypt, Jacob told his son Joseph the touching story of his mother's death and burial, and that makes it the more extraordinary that Joseph being the Lord of Egypt, a prince of vast power and wealth, did not transfer the remains of his mother on the highway to the family sepulchre, where Sarah, the wife of Abraham; Rebecca the wife of Isaac; and Leah, the unloved wife of Jacob lay. And we have no explanation of these singular circumstances. The tomb of Rachael, however, in this public place, was known and commemorated when Moses led the host of Israel out of the wilderness; nor has it been lost or overlooked, nor has its identity been questioned to the present hour.
Continuing our own pilgrimage along the Bethlehem road, we come to this little mosque built of coarse white limestone, with a low dome of masonry that stands by the roadside in most unattractive surroundings. It is, however, to multitudes of people one of the most sacred places on earth. About four thousand years ago a young man, named Jacob, came along that way. He had served a deceitful father-in-law seven years, for one of his daughters, and has been betrayed into marriage with another and then had served seven years longer for the right one. His wives and little ones, his man-servants and maid-servants, his herds and flocks, following him as he moved slowly toward Hebron, where his father Isaac dwelt.
The dust of Rachel has long since disappeared, when and how no one can say, but her tomb is more holy in the eyes of Israel than any other place in Palestine, and as sacred to the Mohammedans as to the Hebrews. The present mosque was restored by Sir Moses Montefiore, although it belongs to the Moslems. It has here beside the Tomb of Rachel that Samuel the prophet, met Saul, the son of Kish, when the latter was searching the gullies around Bethlehem for his father's live stock that had gone astray, and anointed him with the holy oil to be King of Israel.
After leaving the Tomb of Rachel the road divides, as you see it here, one branch leading to Hebron and the other to Bethlehem. (The Pool of Solomon at which we looked a few minutes ago is really on the Hebron road). This road which we are traveling is one of the only two made roads in Palestine. Another from Jerusalem to Jericho was constructed together with this one by a progressive Pasha, who in consequence of this enterprise of road-building lost his head at Constantinople.
We enter Bethlehem at the market square, where doubtless, Samuel came, driving a heifer, seeking a king among the chief men of Judah. On this occasion he found the monarch whom he was seeking in the ruddy faced shepherd boy, David the son of Jesse, the young Hebrew whom Michael Angelo long afterward represented in this celebrated statue.
This man typifies the more superstitious element among the Indians (which is, however, dying away gradually). When out in the mountains near Canyon City his wife fell ill and he decided that "Dr. Joe" some miles distant had "thrown medicine into" his wife thus causing her illness, he came into Pendleton with "blood in his eye." Fortunately, however, he met Major Morehouse, who talked him out of his purpose when we explained, "Me killee that doctor." He belongs to the Cayuse tribe.
Note the elaborate baby board. These baby boards are carried on the Indian women's backs. We might mention here that the women very much prefer being called Indian women to "Squaw") and if they are mixed blooded you will find yourself much more popular with them if you will remember to say "mixed blood" instead of "breed." We each our own particular species of pride.
Parson Motanic, now about 60 years old, was one of the wildest Indians on the Reservation before he came in contact with Rev. Cornelison of the Presbyterian Mission and was converted. Parson Motanic tells the story of the changes in his life in his tongue only, but his delivery of it is ideal and you are not surprised when the interpreter tells you that he says he was
The girl in the middle is Esther, who in 1922 won the first place in Umatilla County's Oratorical contest - high school division. She is very popular among her schoolmates in the Pendleton High School.
We take a nearer view of Mount Tabor, looking across a field covered with flowers. While most of the mountain tops of Palestine are ragged rocks with scarcely any soil, the valleys and plains during the spring and early summer are gorgeous with flowers of every hue. One who sees them understands where our Lord found his frequent illustrations in teaching from the flowers of the fields. Looking upon the crown of Mount Tabor, and recalling the history of Israel in the time of the Judges, we seem to see upon yonder heights the little army of Deborah, the woman-judge; while upon this plain, now brilliant with blossoms, on that day were spread the tents and war-chariots of Sisera and the Canaanite host. The Israelites rushed down those slops, boldly attacked the Canaanite camps and won a glorious victory. Sisera, the commander of the Canaanites, fled on foot across the plain, only to meet death by the hammer of Jael, while sleeping in her tent.
The one great name associated with Mount Carmel is that of the prophet Elijah, and the one great event in the prophet's sacrifices in the sight of all Israel, when the solemn choice of the nation was made between Jehovah and Baal. Near the foot of the mountain over-looking the plain, stands a rockt plateau which tradition has fixed upon as the site of the two rival alters. Around one alter stood four hundred priests of Baal, shouting hoarsely for their god to send the fire upon the waiting sacrifice, but calling in vain. By the other altar stood Elijah alone, the prophet of Jehovah, lifting his solitary voice to God. In a moment his prayer was answered; the fire fell from the heavens; the offering was burned; the water in the trench around it was licked up; even the dust upon the altar was consumed and its stones were destroyed under the intense heat; while the people shouted with one voice, "Jehovah, He is God!"
Let us take a closer view of the village along the eastern slope of the Samaritan mountain. This group of houses is the modern representative of the splendid city where stood King Ahab's ivory palace, where Elijah delivered his flaming messages, where Elijah dwelt, and where long afterward Herod the Great held his court. This was the city, too, where Philip the Evangelist, when driven out of Jerusalem by the persecuting Saul, preached the Gospel of Christ, and founded his first Christian Church outside the pale of Judaism. Do you see in the foreground some steps leading dowm from the road? That is the entrace to the Pool of Samaria, where the chariot of the slain King Ahab was washed, and foretold by Elijah and narrated by the writer of Second Kings. Mean and insignificant as this village is, it has a past of deep interest.
The middle mountain of the three which guards the plain of Esdraelon on the East is the Hill Moreh, called in modern times Little Hermon. We see it in the distance beyond the level plain, here cultivated with care. In the foreground you look down upon the home of a farmer and his fmaily; perhaps the possessor of some of the fields in the distance. The house is built of clay and probably contains but one room. The corner of the only window is seen upon the right. Notice the wall bounding the court in front of the house. In some such home as this, not far away at Nazareth, our Lord may have lived during his youth and early manhood.
Let us cross the Plain of Esdraelon. On its eastern border we find three mountains; the northern Mount Tabor; the middle one "The Hill of Moreh" in the Old Testament; often called in modern times "Little Hermon"; the greatest of the three on the south, Mount Gilboa. We are now looking upon Mount Tabor from the summit of the Hill of Moreh or Little Hermon. That village in the middle of the view is Nain, here, on one of his journeys, Jesus raised to life the only son of a widow. Beyond the village over the plain we see the rounded summit of Mount Tabor, the most symmetrical and beautiful in form of all the hills in this land of many hills and mountains.
From Mount Gilboa we turn to the southwest, and in what was once the tribe-land of Ephraim, we come to the Hill of Samaria, for two hundred years the captial of the Israelite Kingdom. The wise and powerful King Omri selected this site, purchased the hill from its owner, Shener, and named after him the city of Samaria, which he built upon its eastern slope. Omri's capital was well chosen for the site is a commanding one. The hill rises above all its surroundings, and, most important for a capital city, it was almost impregnable against ancient methods of warfare. From this summit upon every side is a magnificent view, and there still remains an ancient road winding its way around the mountain.
We looked upon the Hill Moreh of Little Hermon from a distance. Let us now stand upon its summit beside yonder Arab and from it look northward over the plain of Esdraelon. We can see dimly in the distance the white buildings of a town upon the mountain. That town is Nazareth, the home of Jesus during nearly thirty years. The hills around Nazareth look out upon the storied plain of Esdraelon; and from yonder hilltops the Boy Jesus must have often gazed upon this plain and the mountains surrounding it, recalling the battles of the Israelite history that were fought upon this famous field.
The largest of the three mountains on the east of the plain of Esdraelon, is Mount Gilboa, which now stands before us, seen from the summit of the Hill Moreh, our view looking southward. Notice the village in the plain between the two mountains. This is Shunem, the home of the rich woman who befriended the prophet Elisha, and was rewarded in having her boy restored to life.
"In 1773 the East India Company, which imported England's tea, was in financial straits, due, it seems, to its inability to sell tea in the American colonies. It appealed to the government for a remission of duties. Lord North and the kind willingly gave the relief asked for, and the company was now allowed to send its tea to America without any duty paid to England. North was asked to give up, also, the duty of threepence a pound imposed by the act of 1767; but he refused saying the kind was determined to make its collection a test of authority with America. On this small point, it seems safe to say, hung the question of American revolt." The colonists from the first refused to pay the tax. The captains of certain ships planned to return to England with their cargoes of tea but were directed by the British Governor of Massachusetts to remain. "On the night of December 16, 1773, about fifty men disguised as Indians and directed by Adams himself went aboard the ships at the wharf and emptied 342 chests of tea into the water." This has been known as in history as the Boston Tea Party.
The dedication of this version is to the Most High and Mighty Prince James, who accession to the throne is likened to the sun in its strength while Queen Bess is spoken of as "that bright occidental star." To the minds of most persons, the praise of the king in this dedication is rather more than he deserved, and we can only hope that the authors meant all they wrote. Although this version is known as the "Authorized" Version, and is said to have been published by his Majesty's command, it was never approved by Parliament, nor even submitted to it, nor to the Privy Council, nor to Convocation. Within half a century it had driven all other versions from the field, and taken its place as the Bible of the English people. It is read today in every quarter of the globe. There are more copies of it issued than of all others put together. Its characteristic words are those of Honest William Tyndale, and most of its many excellencies were impressed on it by him.
Now although the "Geneva" Bible was so extensively circulated in England it was not an authorized version, and it was further open to the objection that the notes reflected the views of one particular school of theology. To remedy this condition of affairs, Mathew Parker, the celebrated Archbishop of Canterbury, undertook the prepartation of another version. He distributed the Bible in parts to various Bishops for them to translate. He revised the entire work himself. The preparation of this Bible appears to have extended over three or four years, and the letter accompanying the splendid copy which was presented to Elizabeth bears the date of October 5, 1568. This book is commonly known as the Bishop's Bible, and was used in the English Churches for forty years. The Genevan, or Breeches Bible, however, still was popular for private use, and it is a superior translation to Parker's version.
"By this time the coountryside swarmed with militia, and the British hastily retreated. Every rock, tree, or fence that offered cover concealed angry Americans from whose fire the regulars suffered severely. Gage informed of the situation, sent Percy with 1500 fresh troops to escort the column to safety. By this means it came back to Boston, but with a loss of 273 killed, wounded and missing. The militia lost 93 in all, and following the retreating column in force begain the siege of Boston."
General Gage having learned that the patriots had stored a quantity of powder and provisions at Concord, about twenty miles from Boston, sent a secret expedition to destroy both. The soldiers had orders to go by way of Lexington, and there arrest Samuel Adams, and John Hancock, who were stopping with a friend in that village. The London papers boasted that the heads of these two
We now come to the history of the "Authorized Version." At the period of the accession of James I, there were very strong controversies between the Puritan party and their opponents in the Church of England, and the king was by no means unwilling to play the part of mediator, so he resolved to convoke an assembly, where these discordant opinions be freely discussed. This conference was held at Hampton Court in January, 1604, and, in the proceedings, Reynolds, the Puritan, suggested to King James the project of a new translation of the Bible. James disliked exceedingly the Geneva version, and consented. A list of scholars was presented to him of which he approved. They were divided into six companies, meeting at Westminister, Oxford and Cambridge. There were forty seven persons engaged in producing the first revision which occupied about four years. The second examination was made by twelve: two selected out of each company. This took nine months, and the sheets were two years passing through the press.
It was found by the Roman Catholics impossible to prevent the circulation of the Scriptures in England. They now determined to produce a version for the use of their own people. This work was published in 1635, and is commonly known as the Rheims or Douay Bible. The translation was made from the Latin Vulgate by William Allen and Gregory Martin, at the English College of Douay, in France--a college founded with the object of organizing missionary work in England. As might be expected, we find in this version various words which were evidently translated for the purpose of favoring Roman Catholic doctrines, but on the whole the translation is a fair one, the Romish doctrine being, however, strongly taught in the notes that accompany it.
The Tiber is the principle river of cental Italy. It rises in Tuscany, at the south of the Monte Fumajolo in the Province of Arezzo, about 30 miles east of the source of the Arno, at an altitude of more than 3,600 feet above the level of the sea, and flows towards the south in a winding course, across Perugia (Umbria). After receiving the waters of many small streams, at Orte, where it is joined by the Nera (the ancient Nar) it forms the boundary between Umbria and Rome, enciricling Mount Soracte and entering the Campagna Romana. About three miles above Rome it is swelled by the Anio (now Ariene or Teverone) then passes through the city of Rome, where it forms an island, the Insula Tiberina (now Isola di San Bartolommeo) and enters the Tyrrhenian Sea about 26 miles below. The total length of the Tiber is 245 miles; its breadth at Rome is about 250 feet. It is a swift-running stream, carrying down an enormous amount of alluvial matter, which, in solution, gives the water that yellowish color for which the flavus Tiberis was renowned. The sediment deposited at the mouth of the Tiber is pushing out the land at the rate of about 10 feet a year, so that the ruins of Ostra, the ancient harbor of Rome, are now more than 4 miles inland. The delta is formed of two mouths, the fuimicino, originally a channel dug by Trajan for his harbor (Port Traiani) now the larger and navigable branch, and the fuimara, now almost choked by sand banks; and these inclose the Isola Sacra, a desolate and unhealthful island once sacred to a Venus. The Tiber is navigable by small steamers as far as Rome and by smaller craft 60 miles higher up. It is subject to frequent and often disastrous inundations, of which the ancient writers have recorded no less than 23. Among the more famous floods are that mentioned by Horace, when the water at Rome rose 51 1/2 feet, and in 1900 when it reached a flood height of almost 54 feet. To remedy this evil the government, beginning in 1876, constructed massive embankments at Rome, at the expense of more than $25,000,000; but the carefully planned work has proved defective. The stream on the north of the Tiber island has become clogged with sand, and in the flood of 1900 fully a quarter of a mile of the south embankment was carried away by the water.
The Ganges is fed by the perpetual snows of the Himalaya Mountains and after a southern and eastern course of 1557 miles, flows into the northern section of the Bay of Bengal, through a multi-channeled delta 283 miles long. Its basin, lying between the Himalaya and Vindhya ranges, is one of the finest and most fertile portions of the world, as well as one of the densest populated areas of the globe. The Ganges has its main source in a snow-field embedded between three Himalayan mountains over 22,000 feet high. Like all rivers subject to floods, the Ganges holds in suspension a large ad-mixture of mud and sand, depositing in the sea annually millions of tons of solid matter. The delta, which in the northen part is fertile and well cultivated, in the south bordering the seas is a dismal network of swamp land, known as the Sundarbans, infested by crocodiles, tigers, and other wild animals. The Ganges occupies an important position in Hindu mythology of the classical and the Puranic periods and it is the subject of numerous traditions and legends. In the religion of all classes of Hindus it is held in particular veneration as the holiest of rivers, the cleanser of sins, and the entrance to Paradise, when death and sepulture occur upon its banks. Temples and shrines with ghats or flights of steps, giving easy access to its waters, stud its banks almost from its source; the most conspicuous example are the temples and ghats of holy Benares. The most famous cities of India have developed at critical points on the banks of the Ganges, as, e.g. the confluence of a tributary, and three have become sanctified spots; that of the Jumna at Allahabad is considered the most sacred and is the most frequented place of ablution, annually visited by thousands of pious pilgrims, who also convey the water to all parts of India for use in their religious rights.
The Upper Avon rises in Northamptonshire and flows through Stratford, the birth place of William Shakespeare, entering the Severn at the northen boundary of Gloucestershire. There is a charm about the town of Stratford-on-Avon that is common to most English rural centers. There is the usual quaint intermingling of the ancient and the modern, the easy transition from busy streets to country lanes, the gardens in the town and the town in the garden, for such is the general suggestion in English country life. But the charm of Stratford is not in its antiquity, although its history may be traced back to the seventh century, nor in its scenery, which is "some of the loveliest and most characteristic" in England, but in its association with one who has been described as "the spokesman of a race to which has fallen a large share of the government of the modern world, and as the chief exponent in literature of the fundamental conception of life held by the Western World at a time when the thought of the East and the West are being brought into searching comparison."
The Seine River is the highway of travel from the Mediterranean countries through the valley of the Saone-Rhone system. There are always boats floating down from the upper parts of the Seine, and if we should travel up the Marne, which joins the Seine, just outside of Paris, we might find a canal by which we could go clear to the Rhine, where other boats would take us out through Belgium and Holland to the North Sea. The river is crossed by thirty-two bridges of various ages and design, each ornamented with trophies commemorating French victories. The oldest is Point Neuf commenced in 1578 under Henry III; the last and most beautiful is Point Alexander III, 350 feet long, 132 feet wide, but consisting of a single iron arch. Broad avenues lead from each to beautiful boulevards for which Paris is famous.
In the time of the ancient glory of Mesopotania when Babylon and Nineveh crowned the plains, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers flowed in separate channels to the Persian Gulf. Now, however, owing to the silting up of the old beds, their waters unite a few miles from the coast into one stream, the Shat-el-Arab. This shallow, muddy river is bordered for miles with groves of date palms. The plantations stretching off into the country on either side supply the greater part of the world with dates.
Farther up Park Row, facing City Hall Park, stands the Municipal Building, in which are the offices for city departments. It is the largest structure of the sort in the world, housing 6,000 city employees. It is 34 stories high. Going north on Broadway we get into the wholesale dry good district, then into the millinery district, and then we reach Wanamaker's great store on Eighth Street and the beginning of the retail district. The Wanamaker store is a fascinating place from bargain counters in the basement to the spacious sales rooms above where there is everything to be found that a homemaker could want. Whole suites of rooms are beautifully furnished to illustrate combinations and styles in home furnishings. There is an auditorium seating several hundred, with a fine pipe organ where free concerts are given during the day. There is also a restaurant where splendid meals are served at moderate cost.
A little further on at Fulton Street is old St. Paul's Chapel. This was used as a place of worship alternately by British and Americans during the Revolution. Washington's pew is marked in the church. The Broadway end of the building is the rear, for the church was built on the river and a lawn sloped down to the water's edge. Thus the sense of remoteness is increased. Going east down Fulton Street through the "swamp" or leather district one comes to the famous Fulton Street fish market. At the west end of Fulton Street is the Washington Street market.
Park Row passes to the right of the Federal Building, housing the district and circuit courts and the old post office. Opposite the Federal Building on Broadway is the Woolworth Building. It is 55 stories high, or 792 feet and occupies a plot of ground 152 by 197 feet. The land cost $4,500,000 and the building about $8,000,000 and was built by Mr. Woolworth of Woolworth store fame. There is a splendid view from the observation tower.
Now we come to Park Row and Printing House Square, where several of the large New York newspapers are located--The World, The Sun, and The Tribune. This has been a newspaper center for 70 years. Several other newspapers--The Press, Commercial, American, Evening Mail and Evening Post are nearby. The old Times Building was at No. 41 Park Row.
In this same vicinity stands the Hall of Records, the Police Headquarters and the old City Hall. The upper chambers have been restored to their colonial beauty and contain many interesting old relics--chairs and desks used by Washington and his cabinet when the capitol was in New York City.
Just off of Riverside Drive from Broadway to Amsterdam and 114th to 120th is Columbia University. It was founded in 1754 as King’s College. On the frieze of the library is this inscription: “King’s College, founded in the province of New York, by Royal Charter, in the reign of King George II, perpetuated as Columbia College by the people of the state of New York when they became free and independent, maintained and cherished from generation to generation for the advancement of the public good and the glory of Almighty God.”
Central Park, which consists of 843 acres out of 22,000 on Manhattan and compromising some of the most valuable and desirable portions, speaks eloquently for public spirit and recognition of real values. Such a park in the midst of a congested district means much to the well being of the City. Lakes, beautiful drives and walks, the Mall about a mile in length and bordered by elms make it a place of wonderful beauty.
On the west side of Central Park almost opposite the Art Museum is the largest natural history museum in the world. Its collections of prehistoric animals, of Indian handiwork, of minerals and gems, and various other interesting exhibits are valued at $12,000,000. The fees of its 3700 members and an income from a $13,000,000 endowment are used to finance scientific expeditions.
This is the College of the City of New York. It has over 12,000 students. Tuition is free. It has a preparatory course of three years as well as the regular college course. It conducts evening classes for hundreds who cannot attend the day courses. Its great stadium is used in the summer for public musical programs. It is the largest college under municipal control in the world.
This is Riverside Drive, another famous street which varies from 90 to 168 feet in width and is three miles in length. Part of Riverside Park is shown in the picture. On this street are some of the finest residences in the City. Lots are worth $1200 to $1600 per front foot.
North of the tomb is a gingko tree sent by Li Hung Chang, who admired Grant. Near Grant's tomb is the grave of a five year old child with the inscription "To an amiable child," died in 1797. It is the only grave except Grant's maintained and cared for by the city in one of its public parks.
The Metropolitan Art Museum is located on Fifth Avenue at 82nd Street. The building was erected and is maintained by the City. The collections are the largest in the country, embracing Egyptian, Greek, Roman, European, Oriental, Near Eastern and American art.