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1. Sixty-five Acres of hops

Sixty-five Acres of hops

Description: The Willamette Valley has some of the greatest hop fields in the world. This is a typical view of a hop field in a good yielding year shortly before picking time.

2. Picking hops

3. Susie Kop Lops aiming arrow

Susie Kop Lops aiming arrow

4. Chief Joseph

Description: 'When Chief Joseph of the Nez Perces, and his brother, Olicut, inherited the name and power of their father, Old Joseph called the two sons to his death bed (1872) and requested them to hold forever the beautiful Wallowa Valley, in Oregon. It was in defense of this valley and protest against its settlement by whites that the famous Nez Perces War was fought.' General Sheridan said that this war was the most extraordinary Indian War of which we have record. The Indians fought with almost scientific skill. Young Chief Joseph died Sept. 21, 1904 on the Colville Indian Reservation. The State of Washington has erected a fine monument at his grave.

5. Indian wigwam

Description: This picture shows an Indian tepee or wigwam which was a common sight to the Lewis and Clark party and to all pioneers of the west.

6. 100 year old Indian woman

100 year old Indian woman

Description: The picture is of a Nez Perces woman. As this picture was taken a number of years ago, it is quite possible that she was a baby, or papoose, when Lewis and Clark passed through the Columbia river region. 11. Note that the woman is weaving a Nez Perces basket. The materials, especially the corn husks are plainly seen. It is interesting to read in Jefferson's instructions to Lewis and Clark regarding how they should meet and treat the Indians on their trip that he refers to them as people and nations - not as barians or savages. Lewis and Clark gained the friendship of the Indians all along the route.

7. Chief Hoo-sis-mox-mox of the Palouse Indians

Chief Hoo-sis-mox-mox of the Palouse Indians

Description: 'Hoosie' means 'hair' and 'mox mox' means 'yellow' and the old chief is, indeed, yellow haired. He belongs to the Palouse Indians of Washington, but moved over here and became so popular with the Indians among whom he lived that he was adopted and alloted on their reservation where he lived until he was drowned in crossing the Umatilla River in 1905. He plated a very important part in the Nez Perce War in 1877.

8. Warm Springs Indian mother with baby in cradle board

Warm Springs Indian mother with baby in cradle board

Description: Northwest Indians

9. Men making donuts at the Sugar Crest Donuts Company in Portland, Oregon

Men making donuts at the Sugar Crest Donuts Company in Portland, Oregon

10. Williams Potato Chip Co., Portland

Williams Potato Chip Co., Portland

11. Montag Stove and Furnace Company in Portland, Oregon

Montag Stove and Furnace Company in Portland, Oregon

12. Fir Tex Manufacturing Company

Fir Tex Manufacturing Company

13. Oregon Brass Works

Oregon Brass Works

14. The Dalles in 1858

The Dalles in 1858

Description: The Dalles probably derived its name from its location by 'contracted running waters hemmed in by walls of rock'. Such a place was called 'dalles' in French. The first building in Eastern Oregon was the Methodist mission erected at the Dalles in 1838. The mission home became a favorite place for voyagers, up and down the Columbia who were compelled to portage at this place. As time passed the Dalles became the chief settlement east of the Cascades. Here in the spring of 1848 the log Fort Dalles was built and occupied by Major Tucker and his command, the 'Rifle Regiment' of U.S. Troops, who had arrived the previous autumn. Here, too, was established the first court house which was for years the only 'hall of justice' between the Cascades and the Rockies. By 1858, as indicated in the picture, the Dalles had become a permanent little city.

15. The Dalles

Description: The dalles in the Columbia river compelled Lewis and Clark to make a portage- that is carry their canoes and supplies around the rough water. Judson says 'At Celilo Falls, again at The Dalles and again at the Cascade Rapids, they had to carry their boats and all their baggage.' A party of Astor's men did the same thing in reverse order, when after the building the first fort at Astoria in 1811, they ascended the river and built a log shelter at Okanogan before the winter came on.

16. Courthouse at Oregon City, Oregon

Courthouse at Oregon City, Oregon

Description: Occupying a commanding position in the center of a grassy square situated in Oregon City on the west side of Main between Eighth and Ninth Streets is the Clackamas County Court House- a substantial stone edifice. It was considered one of the finest court houses in the state, when it was built in 1884. This building took the place of the original courthouse where the first plat of San Francisco was filed. In those early days Oregon City had the only Court house on the Pacific Coast west of the Cascade Mountains.

17. Driving last spike into railroad

Driving last spike into railroad

Description: This picture shows the crowd at Huntington. United States Senator James H. Slater, who was a passenger on the first through train to make the trip from Portland, was the Principal speaker at the celebration.

18. Bakery at Fort Dalles, Oregon

Bakery at Fort Dalles, Oregon

Description: This was the bakery for the fort established at the Dalles by the U.S. government. After the troops were removed it became known as Benzer's Bakery. It is still standing (1928). Joaquin Miller and Mr. Benzer are in the picture.

19. Oregon's first customs house

Oregon's first customs house

Description: On October 9, 1848, General John G. Adair was appointed as the first collector of customs for Oregon, with his office at Astoria. He at first occupied an office in a rented building but the government soon erected the building which is pictured here- the first custom house in the territory.

20. Horse drawn wagon

Horse drawn wagon

21. Shepperds Dell on Columbia River Highway

Shepperds Dell on Columbia River Highway

Description: This is one of the principal scenic attractions on the famous Highway. The property was presented to the people of Oregon by the owner, George Shepperd, as a memorial to his wife. Although a poor man, Mr. Shepperd refused attractive cash offers from persons who wished to commercialize the beauty of the place.

22. Pillars of Hercules in Columbia Gorge

Pillars of Hercules in Columbia Gorge

Description: The Pillars of Hercules stand close to the railroad and always incite the admiration and wonder of those who pass by. On the top of one of these basaltic needles grows an ancient fir tree about 40 feet high and which is said to be over one hundred years old.

23. Multnomah Falls

Multnomah Falls

Description: Another bit of enchanting scenery is Multnomah Falls, which someone has called the 'Queen of Cataracts in the Columbia Valley'. Here the water drops precipitously for 541 feet to a ledge, where it forms the second or lower falls, then plunges another 69 feet farther down before it rushes into the arms of the great river. The small bridge shown in the picture was erected by S. Benson, a well-known philanthropist and benefactor of the highway, and stands at the crest of the lower falls. Persons on the small bridge can gain an excellent view of the upper fall and the pool below. All trains on the Union Pacific stop at Multnomah Falls for five minutes to allow tourists to feast their eyes on it. The falls and some of the mountainous land around now constitute a public park owned by the City of Portland.

24. Rooster Rock in the Columbia River

Rooster Rock in the Columbia River

Description: This is one of two great rocks on opposite sides of the Columbia which represent opposing Indian chiefs in the contest for the hand of a beautiful dusky maiden.

25. Multnomah Falls on a windy day

Multnomah Falls on a windy day

Description: This is another view of the queenly falls apparelled in wind-blown spray. It is said that the spray is sometimes blown a distance of nearly half a mile.

26. Portland Harbor scene

Portland Harbor scene

Description: Passing over one of Portland's bridges on the Willamette River, one would see such a scene as this showing a part of the harbor frequented daily by ocean going vessels as well as many river boats.

27. Bluffs along Columbia River

Bluffs along Columbia River

28. Crooked River Bridge on Trunk Railway

Crooked River Bridge on Trunk Railway

Description: Oregon has over 2,500 miles of railroads. This bridge over the Crooked River is 320 feet high and has a total length of 460 feet. For its the it is considered one of the finest examples as to correct detail, and for an arch bridge is unusually rigid. It will take the weight of the world’s heaviest locomotives double-headed. There are 970 tons of steel in the arch, including the approaches, and the erecting devices weigh 80 tons. The cost o reproduce would exceed $200,000.00. To paint the bridge with one coat requires 380 gallons of paint.

29. Willamette Valley farm scene

Willamette Valley farm scene

Description: In January, 1935, the report on farms in Oregon is as follows: Farms — full owners - - - - - 42,653 in the state. “ with managers - - - - - 715 “ “ “ “ with tenants - - - - - 14,065 “ “ “ “ part owners - - - - - 7,396 “ “ “ Total number of farms in the state of Oregon - 64,826.

30. World's largest cargo of lumber

World's largest cargo of lumber

Description: This ocean steamship is carrying a cargo of 6,012,000 board feet of lumber — probably the largest single shipment of lumber ever carried by any vessel. The ship is shown here leaving Portland harbor.

31. Orchard scene near The Dalles, Oregon

Orchard scene near The Dalles, Oregon

Description: In 1934 Oregon produced 4,930,000 bushels of apples for which the average price of $0.69 a bushel was received. The wheat yield was about 12,615,000 bushels.

32. Baled hay

Description: Here is a sample of the more than one-and-a-half million tons of hay raised in Oregon in one season. Alfalfa constitutes the major part of this amount, while grain hay, wild hay and red clover follow in the order given. Oregon’s yield of all kinds of hay in 1934 was about 800,000 tons.

33. Diversified gardening

Diversified gardening

Description: It is estimated that more than $2,500,000 worth of home garden and truck garden products were raised in Oregon in 1935. Here we see one of the big diversified truck gardens.

34. Peach tree with fruit

Peach tree with fruit

Description: This is an Oregon peach tree heavily laden with luscious fruit.

35. Wastdale Village and Valley

Wastdale Village and Valley

Description: "The Wastdale river flows through a beautiful valley into West Water, a lake three miles long by a half mile in width. This is the western part of the lake district, approaching the Irish Sea Coast. The elevation of this lake is only 200 feet above sea level. The village is situated near the foot of the valley."

36. View at Copper Mine, Coniston

View at Copper Mine, Coniston

Description: "Coniston Lake lies directly west of Lake Windermere, and seems to be a miniature of the latter. The slopes of the mountain, known as the 'Coniston Old Man' are covered with copper mines and slate quarries. The picture shown is of one of these mines."

37. Windermere from Furness Fell

Windermere from Furness Fell

Description: "From the slopes of Furness Fell (Furness Mountain) is shown here another view of Windermere - both village and lake."

38. Grange over Sands

Grange over Sands

Description: "A pleasing scene showing part of the little village of Grange."

39. View near the old mill, Eskdale

View near the old mill, Eskdale

40. Scene In Chaco

Description: So well wooded are certain areas that the forests of the 'Gran Chaco' are said to contain sixty thousand square miles of timber. The forest-woods include the quebracho, the nundubay (acacia) lapacho (bignonia, red and white cedar, amarillo (mimosa) the palm-tree introduced by the Jesuits, poplar, willow, walnut, and the celebrated yerba mate, whose leaves make a stimulating tea. The valuable quebracho (break-axe) takes a hundred years to arrive at maturity. It is largely used in the making of railway sleepers, etc., and also provides an export trade of about a quarter of a million tons annually, mainly for tanning purposes. This wood bears so strong a resemblance to red marble that it is a difficult matter to distinguish between the two. The 'Gran Chaco', the northern division of the country, is singularly interesting. It is the home of the native Indian tribes, and, in sharp contrast to the Mendozan area, its climate is tropical. Its fauna include the jaguar, the puma, wildcate, fox, tapir, many varieties of deer, and the alligator. The north is marshy, the south covered with dense forests. The capital of the Chaco is Resistencia.

41. Buenos Aires View of Section of the City

Buenos Aires View of Section of the City

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "Its population of 1,674,000 makes it almost as large as Philadelphia, with a change of exceeding it in time. in other ways it compares with Chicago, for it is conspicuously modern, its present development having been begun and achieved within the last quarter of a century, although the city itself is nearly four hundred years old, and is the industrial complement of an agricultural and pastoral activity even great than that of our Middle West. Indeed, its banks and clearing houses are said to transact quite as much business as those of Chicago."

42. Public School, La Plata

Public School, La Plata

Description: We have mentioned the high per cent of college graduates in Buenos Aires. Argentina spends more money on educating her children than any country save Australia. Primary education is secular, and is free and compulsory for children from six to fourteen years old. As for secondary education (not compulsory) there are twenty-six national colleges maintained by the Government with some five thousand pupils, and nearly double that number of normal schools. There are Universities at Buenos Aires, Cordoba, La Plata, Santa Fe, and Parana.

43. Vineyard, Mendoza Argentine

Vineyard, Mendoza Argentine

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "Mendoza is one of the most important inland cities. Here, by means of irrigation, the people have cultivated large vineyards, and a great deal of win is made."

44. Railroad Station at La Plata

Railroad Station at La Plata

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "This station would grace any city."

45. Mar Del Plata, the Rambla or "Boardwalk of Argentina's Most Popular Summer Resort"

Mar Del Plata, the Rambla or "Boardwalk of Argentina's Most Popular Summer Resort"

46. Mar del Plata - Fishing boats

Mar del Plata - Fishing boats

47. Glaciers

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "When the amount of ice developed form snow becomes great enough, it begins to move out by a sort of spreading motion from the place where it was formed. When it begins to move, it becomes a glacier. Not all snow-fields give rise to glaciers, but all glaciers have their sources in snow-fields. For convenience of reference the glaciers now known may be arranged in three classes, alpine, piedmont, and continental. These three classes are not always distinct and clearly separable, but typical examples of each may be selected that are well characterized, and differ in essential features from typical examples of each of the other classes. In each group there are conspicuous variations which suggest minor or more specific subdivisions."

48. Treacherous Crevasses in Victoria Glacier, Canadian Rockies

Treacherous Crevasses in Victoria Glacier, Canadian Rockies

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "Although ice under steady pressure slowly flows, when subjected to a decided strain it breaks, forming cracks, or crevasses in the glacier. Where the valley bottom is irregular, causing many steams in the moving ice, crevasses are especially abundant; and when the slope of the bottom is steep, the ice may become so crevassed that it is almost impossible to pass over it."

49. Mount Rainier from Tacoma, Washington

Mount Rainier from Tacoma, Washington

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "This great mountain has an immense sheet of white granular ice divided up by the general jutting up of the rock masses or shoulders of the mountain into the Nisqually, Cowlitz, and White River glaciers, falling in distinct ice cascades for about 3000 feet at very steep angles which sometimes approach the perpendicular."

50. A Mighty Glacier in Norway

A Mighty Glacier in Norway

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "Another example of the Alpine type, with a terminal moraine shown in the foreground."

51. Sources of These Great Glaciers on the Slopes of Mt. Rainier

Sources of These Great Glaciers on the Slopes of Mt. Rainier

52. The Great Glacier near Banff, Canada

The Great Glacier near Banff, Canada

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "The Illecellewaet glacier. This is an inherited basin glacier, in which the inherited topography has exercised a greater influence upon the glacier form than has the auto-sculpture."

53. Nyora Gulley, Healesville, Victoria

Nyora Gulley, Healesville, Victoria

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "Healsville is full of quiet Australian charm. Hemmed in by forested hills, with a clear mountain atmosphere and cool summer nights it has become one of hte great resting-places of the South. Ferns are characteristic of New Zealand forest. Some, like our own, love the moist shady depths of deep gullies; some hang from crevices and drape the faces of cliffs with a film curtain; some- the tree ferns, have trunks as thick as trees, are so large that they must be hewn down with axes, and are often 50 feet high, with an umbrella like spread at the crown, of some 30 feet in diameter. They often form dense groves."

54. Great Barrier Coral Reef, Queensland

Great Barrier Coral Reef, Queensland

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "On the northeast, off the coast of Queensland, is the Great Barrier Reef. This is the longest coral reef in the world. It is 1200 miles in length and has been built up by corals on the very edge of the eastern continental shelf. The channel between the reef and the mainland is 400 feet deep and in places about 70 miles wide."

55. Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria

Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "Unlike its rival, Sydney, Melbourne grew according to plan. Collins Street, its main thoroughfare, and the other principal streets were laid out a mile long, 99 feet wide, and in checkerboard patterns, often bordered by shady avenues of trees."

56. Upper Murray River, N.S.W.

Upper Murray River, N.S.W.

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "The construction of a set of locks and weirs at intervals along the Murray enable traffic to extend throughout the year as far as Echuca, which is nearly to the border of N.S.W in Victoria."

57. Hawkes Bridge, Hawkesbury, N.S.W.

Hawkes Bridge, Hawkesbury, N.S.W.

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "The Hawkesbury river according to Anthony Trolope beats the Mississippi for continued scenery."

58. Baron Falls, Queensland

Baron Falls, Queensland

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "One of the beauty spots of this scenic and novel country."

59. St. Georges River, Lorne, Victoria

St. Georges River, Lorne, Victoria

60. View of Jerusalem from Mount of Olives, Palestine

View of Jerusalem from Mount of Olives, Palestine

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "This picture is taken from the vest side of the Mount of Olives near a ruin that tradition points out as the place where "when He was come near, He beheld the city, and wept over it. "(Luke19:421) From here one has his finest view of Jerusalem and cannot wonder that from this eminence the disciples looked upon the city with admiration. Viewed from the Mount of Olives, the city presents an imposing appearance. the wall of the city is thirty-eight feet high, has seven gates and thirty four towers, and is two and one-fifths miles around. The walls ascending sharply from the valley give to the town an appearance of great strength. The town within the walls covers 209 acres, but the city extends outward in several directions, especially to the west and north. Below this viewpoint, to the left, is the Russian church in their Garden of Gethsemane. Immediately below that and to the right where are seen several tall cypress trees is the La

61. Wailing Wall -- Outer wall of the temple, Jerusalem, Palestine

Wailing Wall -- Outer wall of the temple, Jerusalem, Palestine

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "Leaving the temple area by the Cotton Gate, a turn to the left will bring one to the wailing place of the Jews which is a portion of the western wall of the temple area. The figures leaning against the weather-beaten wall, shedding tears, present a touching scene. Some professionals come to mourn for others, whose business detains them, but one old woman was actually bathing the walls and flagstones below with hot tears. On a Friday afternoon or a Saturday morning, great throngs of Jews may be seen here all unconscious of the presence and clicking of cameras. This is as close to the temple area as the Jews ever go, for non of them wish to commit the enormous sin of treading upon the Holy of Hollies. As nearly as the Middle Ages, probably, the Jews came hither to wail. They are free to do so now, but in ages past they had to pay large sums for this privilege."

62. Jordan and the Promised Land

Jordan and the Promised Land

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "The Jordan rises west of Mt. Hermon and after spreading out into Lake Mermon and the sea of Galilee, discharges its waters into the Dead Sea, 1292 feet below the level of the Mediterranean. From Lake Mermon to the Dead Sea, which has no outlet and is a body of salt water, the course of the Jordon is below sea level. The Valley of the Jordon the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee occupy a portion of the long narrow depression in the surface of the earth. At the east and west margins of the depression there are great fissures of breaks in the rocks and the land between these fissures has fallen or been drawn in toward the center of the earth. The Jordon varies in width from 30 to 70 yards, but in January and February it over flows its banks and is from a half-mile to two miles wide. The soil in the valley is very rich except near the Dead Sea. In Mid-winter the landscape is green with grass and bright with flowers, but in summer it has the general appearance of a desert."

63. Garden of Gethsemane and Mount of Olives, Palestine

Garden of Gethsemane and Mount of Olives, Palestine

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "Just opposite the Golden Gate across the Valley of Jehoshapat is the Garden of Gethsemane. Two places are claimed as the site of Gethsemane: one by the Latins, and one by the Greeks. It is genuine satisfaction to look upon the Mount of Olives, after trying to locate so many places of uncertain traditions. Of its authenticity there can be no doubt. No other part of Palestine is hallowed by so many memories of Jesus as this hill. He sought its olive groves for retirement and prayer, and there uttered words now familiar to millions of our race; it was from Olivet that he gazed tenderly upon Jerusalem and wept over it (Luke 19:41) and on a portion of this hill "over against Bethany" he gave to his disciples the benediction and parted from them."

64. The New Calvary of Jerusalem

The New Calvary of Jerusalem

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "On the north of Jerusalem. just outside the wall is an elevation called "The New Calvary" from the opinion of many that is may be the hill upon which the cross of Christ was reared. The old traditional view, no longer held by scholar. is that the cross and the tomb of Jesus were within the walls of the church of the Holy Sepulchre. in the eastern quarter of the city. While the evidence is by no means conclusive, there are good reasons for believing that on yonder hill. stood the Cross of Him who died to save us all. You remember that the place was called Golgotha, which means either "place of Skulls" or "like a skull". This rocky eminence with its two great caves suggests a skull to everyone who sees it from the city wall. where this view is take."

65. Abraham's Well, Beer-Sheba

Abraham's Well, Beer-Sheba

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "Beer-Sheba (the wall of seven) is the name of one of the oldest towns in Palestine. It is the most southern city of Palestine. Here are found seven wells, two large ones and five smaller ones called Abraham's wells. Perhaps no other name is better known in Palestine than is Beer-Sheba. It was first assigned to Judah and after-wards to Simeon (Josh. 15:28, 19;2) On the return from Exile, Beer-Sheba was again peopled by Jews. In Roman times Beer-Sheba was a very large village with a garrison. It was the seat of a bishopric in the early Christian times before the country was conquered by the Muslims."

66. Russian pilgrims returning from the Jordan, on the Jericho road, Palestine

Russian pilgrims returning from the Jordan, on the Jericho road, Palestine

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "This picture is taken along the Jericho road looking west toward Jerusalem. The subject of the picture "Pilgrims" is one that has its place in all histories of religion. The present motley crowd is made up of a number of nationalities, but the majority are Russians. These have already been to the Jordon at their reputed places of the baptism of Jesus. and are now returning to the Holy City to partake in the festivities around the Holy Sepulchre which takes place at Easter."

67. Bethany, the town of Mary and her sister Martha, Palestine

Bethany, the town of Mary and her sister Martha, Palestine

Description: Image Description from historic lecture booklet: "Bethany is now called El-Azariyeh, the L in Lazarus having been mistaken by the Arabs for the article. It is small stone village on the southeast slope of Olivet, less than two miles east of Jerusalem. It has about forty houses, tenanted by Mohammedans only. The Ascension occurred at Bethany, as Luke tells us at the close of his gospel --- at Bethany, the home of the friend of Jesus. After convincing the disciples of His resurrection by many infallible proofs, and teaching them that the gospel must be preached to the whole world, and assuring them of the power of the Holy Ghost for world-wide testimony the Lord lifted up His hands and blessed them and passed into the heavens."

68. Field hospital practice

Field hospital practice

Description: In connection with all our cantonments there are field hospitals arranged and managed as they would be on the battle front. As the training camp does not provide enough real emergency cases for training the hospital attendants, ambulance drivers and stretcher bearers, able bodied men submit to being carried on stretchers to the hospital tents where their imaginary wounds are treated with neatness and dispatch. The training and work of our army surgeons and hospitals corps wearing their insignia, the red cross, is worthy of a whole lecture. This single view will have to suffice at this time. It should be remarked, however, that our men whether in the training camps or on the other side, are receiving the best possible medical attention without distinction as to rank or previous position in the civil life. “The health conditions,” at these amps, to quote from ex-president Taft who made a tour of nearly all the cantonments, “Are so much better than they ever have been in the past, that while we should not abate our efforts to reduce disease, we certainly can felicitate ourselves and the War Department on the comparatively small percentage of deaths and illness.”

69. Use of gas masks in the trenches

Use of gas masks in the trenches

Description: A decidedly realistic turn is given the novices when with their gas masks they practice carrying supposedly overcome companions on stretchers from the trenches. In this view the details of the masks can be seen. The rubber contrivance fits closely over the head with great staring goggle-eyes which gives the wearer a sepulchral appearance. A large tube brings the air from which the gas has been eliminated or neutralized to the nostrils of the encased man. When the danger from gas is passed the mask is removed, folded just so, and put in the flat carrying case worn on his chest where it will be ready for immediate use. All branches of the service are provided with masks, for German gas shells are often thrown far behind the lines even to the sections were the artillery is located. In France, even the peasants who work the fields near the front are being supplied with masks so that they can continue their agricultural work not only amid shot and shell as they often do, but in the enveloping poisonous gas.

70. The cannon belch forth

The cannon belch forth

Description: Before the signal to fire is given we will go over to the enemy’s side, out of range, however, and see what happens. There are seventeen cannons drawn up opposite us and at the signal all of them belch forth. In America it sounds big — like the real thing. Were it on the other side during a big battle it would pass almost unnoticed. The impossibility of reproducing actual war conditions on this side makes it necessary to gradually accustom our men to such conditions near the battle lines. No matter how brave a man may be, he cannot be changed from a civilian to a hardened soldier in a day. The spirit may be willing but the flesh is weak. We must bear this in mind in all our plans as to the size of the army we ought to put in training at once.

71. Artillery review

Artillery review

Description: Next to the infantry, the field artillery is the most extensive and important branch of the army. A brigade consists of brigade headquarters, two regiments of light and one of heavy artillery, a trench mortar battery with 72 guns, 12 trench mortars, and the necessary transportation supplies, etc. The total strength is 185 officers and 4781 men. A brigade makes a very formidable array. We do not see all of the units in this view, but we have light field artillery units from several brigades as they passed in review at Camp Hancock, near Augusta, Ga.

72. Gas flappers in a trench

Gas flappers in a trench

Description: As the gases used are all heavier than air they settle in the trenches and shell holes where they would remain for a long time rendering them uninhabitable except with the protecting masks. To clear the trenches of this gas, squads of “flappers” go through with great fans stirring up the gas and driving it out.

73. Head of the artillery column

Head of the artillery column

Description: Going to another camp we see the head of an artillery column with the limbers and casinos drawn by from four to six horses, as they start out early in the morning for the day’s drill. The general view of the camp in the background gives an impression of the size of these cantonments.

74. Loading the cannon

Loading the cannon

Description: Somewhere at a distance from the camp the field pieces are drawn up in position, the horses removed and the guns made ready for action. The shells are taken from the caisson, passed to the gunners, thrust into the breech of the gun and everything is ready to fire at the given signal.

75. Adult Ring-necked Pheasants

Adult Ring-necked Pheasants

Description: This picture shows two full grown Chinese Pheasants. They become tame very easily—if for a short time they are protected, they very soon come to be familiar about the farm house and the barnyard. They will even come into the barnyard and feed along with the chicks. It is quite true in some cases that they do considerable harm, by pulling up the seedlings in the garden, and by following the corn row. It must be said for them that they also do considerable good. It has been founding examining the stomachs of these birds, shot because they had been doing harm, that instead of having their stomachs full of corn as might have been supposed, they have their stomachs full of cut worms, beetles, ants, and clover seeds. In only one case was it found that they had been pulling up garden plants. In some parts of the United States where the farmers have been bothered by the game birds destroying their crops, they have been able to divert the attention of the birds by planting around their fields things which they much prefer to the crop seeds. This is more particularly so in the southeastern parts of the country. Here, the farmers have been able to raise large flocks of quail and other birds by just such means as this. They have been able to derive some revenue from the wildlife that is near their place. The sportsman comes down and wants a day’s sport. He naturally goes to the farm where the largest number of birds are. The farmer, by planting around the fence corners and along the fence rails food for the birds has encouraged them to live about the farm. No one has yet been able to calculate the exact amount of revenue which the stated has derived from the China Pheasant, but one year when calculating the amount of money spent by this state on the sports of shooting all kinds of birds, it was found that an expenditure of over one million dollars had been made. How much of this goes to the China Pheasants cannot be said. What can be done in raising China Pheasants can be done in raising a number of other kinds of birds. So while these are beautiful creatures and we enjoy seeing them about the fields, they are also affording us a great source of revenue; more than we sometimes think. A long time ago we used to hear a good deal about private hunting grounds and about private hunting lands. Private owner used to be much disgusted if a man trespassed upon his property. While this was more or less a selfish way to look at things, at the same time what really took place was this: This private owner protected these birds so that they bred very freely, became numerous, and spread out all over the country. Thus, England and other parts of the world have had very few animals had it not been for these private owners. Now, as to the bearing this has on our fish and game work: The state has recognized this very idea, and Oregon was one of the first states to establish these game refuges. In various parts of our state we have land set aside which it is unlawful to hunt at any time. Here, birds and animals grow without fear of molestation. In consequence they not only increase in numbers, but these refuges make centers of distribution, and out from these centers the animals move into other parts of the state. In some localities we have natural refuges, places that are more or less secluded, and here the animals grow unmolested. But, in other parts of the state, those that are becoming rapidly settled, there is no place for the wildlife. It is possible now for any farmer to make of his place a game refuge, provided it has facilities for the protection of the birds. In this way we may gain an intimate knowledge of the bird and animal life abuts by seeing them in their natural haunts. Birds come to know that this is a refuge and so are not afraid while they are here.

76. Gull in flight

Description: The next picture shows a western gull, one of the most graceful birds we have. While this is not a game bird, it is one of the loveliest and one that we all admire. It is a scavenger as well. If any of you have ever been to the coast in the springtime when the beach is covered with dead fish, you know that the gulls are doing a very good piece of work when they start to clean up the beaches. These birds are protected at all times on account of their scavenging ability and on account of their beauty. Our nation has taken this matter in hand, and we have now national migratory bird laws, which protect birds of all kinds. A law based on scientific information was one of the very first attempts to bring about the real law to protect the bird in exactly the right way. Following the example of the states in the formation of game refuges, we find now that the national government has taken up the matter and one of the first acts was to form all the national parks into national game refuges. In recent years a large number of tracts of land in the southern part of the United States have been set aside for this purpose because at these places the birds spend the winter. The United States has taken a particular interest in protection of birds during the winter season, for if they are all killed then there will be none to breed during the following summer. We all have a right to be proud of what our nation and state has done for the preservation of our wildlife. But it must be said that the chief stimulant for this work was the preservation of our game birds. The game birds form only a very small portion of the wildlife in this state. There are many other kinds that are just as important to us as are these. It is right that we should have a certain amount of hunting. It is a pleasure that a great many enjoy. But we should also properly understand their relation to our everyday life. In the field of agriculture they play a very important part. Some are destructive and do a great deal of harm, while others are beneficial in their habits. Were it not for birds, the lot of the farmer would be a hard one.

77. Flock of gulls

78. Golden Pheasants

Golden Pheasants

Description: Besides the Chinese Pheasant, we have in this state a number of others. The Golden Pheasant you see here is a very beautiful bird, but not a very hardy one, and is one that is not very easily raised. Then we have the Reeves Pheasant, which has been planted in various parts of the state; the Silver Pheasant, and the Amherst Pheasant. The Silver Pheasant has done fairly well in several places. Near Eugene we have several of these birds living in the open. As the usual thing, however, these are not to be used as game birds. They are more for fancy purposes. One of the natural refuges in our state is in the southern part, along the shores of the Klamath lakes. Here the birds breed by thousands. In former years the “pot” hunters would go there and bag great numbers, then sell them in the market for a mere pittance. But now this part of the lakes has been declared a national game reserve, through the activity of our state officials together with the department at Washington. And here every year thousands of ducks, thousands of geese, and thousands of pelicans, as well as many other kinds of water birds breed unmolested.

79. Chinese Ring-necked Pheasants

Chinese Ring-necked Pheasants

Description: While these are naturally very wild, when they are brought up as here, in constant contact with people, they become fairly tame. They soon eat our of a person’s hand, just as young chicks would do. However, they become wild very quickly. It takes only a few scares to make them as wild as they would be if reared in the open, for rearing them where they have such perfect protection does not alter the instinct with which the young bird is born. The always have a tendency toward this wild life.

80. Pin-tail Duckling

Pin-tail Duckling

Description: Here you see a young pin-tail duck floating on an old sunken log. Thousands of these ducks breed here in the swamps of the Klamath lakes every year.

81. Geese at Klamath Lake

Geese at Klamath Lake

Description: In this picture you see a number of geese just leaving the water of Klamath Lake.

82. The Plain of Rephaim

The Plain of Rephaim

Description: We then cross the Plain of Rephaim where David put to flight the army of Philistines, and if our trust in the guide were sufficient we might pause to see what is said to be the old site of the tree that made the cross on which the Son of God was crucified. Under the altar of a chapel there the monks show where the stump of the tree once stood, and the Pilgrim falls down and worships it.

83. Pilgrims in Palestine

Pilgrims in Palestine

Description: Pilgrims are legion, particularly the Russians, a party of whom we see now at a Syrian inn: but there are many others, and they come from all the corners of the earth often in hunger and thirst through the heat, begging food by the way, and sleeping under the stars at night. Their faith is mighty, their zeal a burning flame and their satisfaction intense. Only a soul entirely free from the trammels of the world, can know and kiss the marble slab which covers a hole, from which a tree is said to have been taken two thousand years ago!

84. Market square in front of the church built where Christ was born

Market square in front of the church built where Christ was born

Description: At every turn in Palestine there is something to remind us that the Bible was written there. Entering this market square we halt in the presence of a transaction going on which reminds us of an illustration used in one of Jesus' talks. Grains of various kinds are lying in piles on the bare ground, which has been previously swept clean. The purchaser, not the seller does the measuring. It takes several minutes to fill the measure. Putting in a few handfuls the purchaser presses it down. After it is full to the brim he begins to build a cone, adding a handful at a time and patting it gently. Then as it approaches an apex he makes a hole in the top and fills that. Last of all he holds up a handful and allows the grains to drop very gently and as long as the grains remain upon it he is at liberty to add to the measure. Doubtless Jesus often witnessed the same process as he passed through the markets. It was such an incident as this which suggested his words, "Give and it shall be given unto you; good measure pressed down, and shaken together and running over shall men give unto your bosom. For with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured unto you again."

85. Death of Rachel

Death of Rachel

Description: When they came nigh to Bethlehem, the beloved wife for whom he had served fourteen years, died in the pangs of motherhood, and was buried upon a green slope of the roadside. This is the way one of our great artists has pictured the deathbed. There is something remarkable, something inexplicable, that a man of Jacob's wealth should have buried his beloved in such an exposed and public place, and entirely among strangers, when Machpelah the Sepulchre, of his ancestors, was at Hebron, only a few miles away. Long after this, when he was about to die in Egypt, Jacob told his son Joseph the touching story of his mother's death and burial, and that makes it the more extraordinary that Joseph being the Lord of Egypt, a prince of vast power and wealth, did not transfer the remains of his mother on the highway to the family sepulchre, where Sarah, the wife of Abraham; Rebecca the wife of Isaac; and Leah, the unloved wife of Jacob lay. And we have no explanation of these singular circumstances. The tomb of Rachael, however, in this public place, was known and commemorated when Moses led the host of Israel out of the wilderness; nor has it been lost or overlooked, nor has its identity been questioned to the present hour.

86. Rachel's Tomb

Description: Continuing our own pilgrimage along the Bethlehem road, we come to this little mosque built of coarse white limestone, with a low dome of masonry that stands by the roadside in most unattractive surroundings. It is, however, to multitudes of people one of the most sacred places on earth. About four thousand years ago a young man, named Jacob, came along that way. He had served a deceitful father-in-law seven years, for one of his daughters, and has been betrayed into marriage with another and then had served seven years longer for the right one. His wives and little ones, his man-servants and maid-servants, his herds and flocks, following him as he moved slowly toward Hebron, where his father Isaac dwelt.

87. Rachel's Tomb (close view)

Rachel's Tomb (close view)

Description: The dust of Rachel has long since disappeared, when and how no one can say, but her tomb is more holy in the eyes of Israel than any other place in Palestine, and as sacred to the Mohammedans as to the Hebrews. The present mosque was restored by Sir Moses Montefiore, although it belongs to the Moslems. It has here beside the Tomb of Rachel that Samuel the prophet, met Saul, the son of Kish, when the latter was searching the gullies around Bethlehem for his father's live stock that had gone astray, and anointed him with the holy oil to be King of Israel.

88. Parting of the road to Bethlehem and Hebron

Parting of the road to Bethlehem and Hebron

Description: After leaving the Tomb of Rachel the road divides, as you see it here, one branch leading to Hebron and the other to Bethlehem. (The Pool of Solomon at which we looked a few minutes ago is really on the Hebron road). This road which we are traveling is one of the only two made roads in Palestine. Another from Jerusalem to Jericho was constructed together with this one by a progressive Pasha, who in consequence of this enterprise of road-building lost his head at Constantinople.

89. David

Description: We enter Bethlehem at the market square, where doubtless, Samuel came, driving a heifer, seeking a king among the chief men of Judah. On this occasion he found the monarch whom he was seeking in the ruddy faced shepherd boy, David the son of Jesse, the young Hebrew whom Michael Angelo long afterward represented in this celebrated statue.

90. George Marshall

George Marshall

Description: This man typifies the more superstitious element among the Indians (which is, however, dying away gradually). When out in the mountains near Canyon City his wife fell ill and he decided that "Dr. Joe" some miles distant had "thrown medicine into" his wife thus causing her illness, he came into Pendleton with "blood in his eye." Fortunately, however, he met Major Morehouse, who talked him out of his purpose when we explained, "Me killee that doctor." He belongs to the Cayuse tribe.

91. Beautiful Indian girl

Beautiful Indian girl

Description: This girl has often been called Sacajawea and her picture is the most noted Indian picture in the United States.

92. Two braves of the Cayuse Tribe

Two braves of the Cayuse Tribe

Description: Note their finery.

93. Warm Springs matron with her papooses

Warm Springs matron with her papooses

Description: Note the elaborate baby board. These baby boards are carried on the Indian women's backs. We might mention here that the women very much prefer being called Indian women to "Squaw") and if they are mixed blooded you will find yourself much more popular with them if you will remember to say "mixed blood" instead of "breed." We each our own particular species of pride.

94. Parson Motanic

Description: Parson Motanic, now about 60 years old, was one of the wildest Indians on the Reservation before he came in contact with Rev. Cornelison of the Presbyterian Mission and was converted. Parson Motanic tells the story of the changes in his life in his tongue only, but his delivery of it is ideal and you are not surprised when the interpreter tells you that he says he was

95. Motanic family

Description: The girl in the middle is Esther, who in 1922 won the first place in Umatilla County's Oratorical contest - high school division. She is very popular among her schoolmates in the Pendleton High School.

96. Stella Tuslaps

Description: She is, however, a very even tempered Indian woman. Belongs to the Cayuse tribe.

97. One of the head men of the Columbia River Indians

One of the head men of the Columbia River Indians

98. A field of flowers and Mount Tabor

A field of flowers and Mount Tabor

Description: We take a nearer view of Mount Tabor, looking across a field covered with flowers. While most of the mountain tops of Palestine are ragged rocks with scarcely any soil, the valleys and plains during the spring and early summer are gorgeous with flowers of every hue. One who sees them understands where our Lord found his frequent illustrations in teaching from the flowers of the fields. Looking upon the crown of Mount Tabor, and recalling the history of Israel in the time of the Judges, we seem to see upon yonder heights the little army of Deborah, the woman-judge; while upon this plain, now brilliant with blossoms, on that day were spread the tents and war-chariots of Sisera and the Canaanite host. The Israelites rushed down those slops, boldly attacked the Canaanite camps and won a glorious victory. Sisera, the commander of the Canaanites, fled on foot across the plain, only to meet death by the hammer of Jael, while sleeping in her tent.

99. Elijah's place of sacrifice - Mount Carmel

Elijah's place of sacrifice - Mount Carmel

Description: The one great name associated with Mount Carmel is that of the prophet Elijah, and the one great event in the prophet's sacrifices in the sight of all Israel, when the solemn choice of the nation was made between Jehovah and Baal. Near the foot of the mountain over-looking the plain, stands a rockt plateau which tradition has fixed upon as the site of the two rival alters. Around one alter stood four hundred priests of Baal, shouting hoarsely for their god to send the fire upon the waiting sacrifice, but calling in vain. By the other altar stood Elijah alone, the prophet of Jehovah, lifting his solitary voice to God. In a moment his prayer was answered; the fire fell from the heavens; the offering was burned; the water in the trench around it was licked up; even the dust upon the altar was consumed and its stones were destroyed under the intense heat; while the people shouted with one voice, "Jehovah, He is God!"

100. Samaria from the minaret of mosque

Samaria from the minaret of mosque

Description: Let us take a closer view of the village along the eastern slope of the Samaritan mountain. This group of houses is the modern representative of the splendid city where stood King Ahab's ivory palace, where Elijah delivered his flaming messages, where Elijah dwelt, and where long afterward Herod the Great held his court. This was the city, too, where Philip the Evangelist, when driven out of Jerusalem by the persecuting Saul, preached the Gospel of Christ, and founded his first Christian Church outside the pale of Judaism. Do you see in the foreground some steps leading dowm from the road? That is the entrace to the Pool of Samaria, where the chariot of the slain King Ahab was washed, and foretold by Elijah and narrated by the writer of Second Kings. Mean and insignificant as this village is, it has a past of deep interest.